{"id":32841,"date":"2024-04-19T07:35:04","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T05:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldsite\/?p=32841"},"modified":"2024-04-19T07:34:20","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T05:34:20","slug":"man-is-a-cause-wisam-rafeedie-the-palestinian-revolutionary-novel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldsite\/man-is-a-cause-wisam-rafeedie-the-palestinian-revolutionary-novel\/","title":{"rendered":"Man Is a Cause: Wisam Rafeedie & the Palestinian Revolutionary Novel"},"content":{"rendered":"
A former political convict in an Israeli prison managed to write a novel and get it out into the world.<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em>, a novel by Wisam Rafeedie
\nTranslated by Muhammad Tutunji and the Palestinian Youth Movement
\n1804 Books<\/a> 2023
\nISBN 9798988260219\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rebecca Ruth Gould<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

In his introduction to the English translation of his novel The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em>, Wisam Rafeedie quotes Ghassan Kanafani\u2019s famous statement in his 1969 novella Returning to Haifa<\/em>: \u201c[I]n the final analysis, man is a cause.\u201d With this citation, Rafeedie inserts himself into a long tradition of revolutionary fiction. Arguably born in 19th<\/sup> century Russian novels such as Nikolai Chernyshevsky\u2019s What Is to be Done? <\/em>(1863) and Fyodor Dostoevsky\u2019s The Possessed<\/em> (1871-1872), the tradition received a new life in Arabic literature, such as Syrian writer Hanna Mina\u2019s The Snow Comes from the Window<\/em> (1969). Revolutionary fiction is defined by its aims and preoccupations: how to overturn the existing order of contemporary society. Not all revolutionary fiction actively advocates revolution \u2014 Dostoevsky\u2019s brutal critique of revolutionary hypocrisy is a case in point \u2014 but Palestinian revolutionary fiction certainly does.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em> is published by 1804 Books<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The existence of The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em> is a miracle<\/a> in itself. The novel was composed between 1993 and 1995, during Rafeedie\u2019s incarceration in the Negev desert\u2019s Ktzi\u2019ot Prison (known to many Palestinians as Naqab-Ansar 3), while he was dreaming of being released. In order to conceal the manuscript-in-progress from prison guards, Rafeedie\u2019s fellow prisoners copied sections from the novel in miniature handwriting and stuffed these extracts into pill capsules which they then smuggled to other prisons. The novel was finally published in Arabic in Damascus in 1998. It now reaches the English-speaking world courtesy of 1804 Books<\/a> and the Palestinian Youth Movement, with Muhammad Tutunji having produced an initial draft. The translation reads well even though it departs in places from the original Arabic.<\/p>\n

\n

Even as the manuscript circulated clandestinely from one prison cell to another, Rafeedie languished in his own cell, believing that it had been lost forever. This was because, just as he was nearing completion of the narrative, a prison guard caught onto the prisoners\u2019 methods for smuggling the manuscript and confiscated it. Unbeknownst to both Rafeedie and the Israeli prison guard, the manuscript existed in a second copy. Three of Rafeedie\u2019s fellow inmates had copied the novel onto paper small enough to fit inside medicine capsules, which were then smuggled through six prisons until the author discovered in 1996 that the manuscript he thought lost was being widely read by Palestinian prisoners.<\/p>\n

The revolution that the novel\u2019s protagonist, Kan\u2019an Subhi, lives and is prepared to die for is that of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a militant organization to which Kanafani belonged, and which Rafeedie joined at the age of 16. The novel tracks the nine years, 1982-1991, during which Kan\u2019an lives a secret life in the Occupied West Bank, moving from house to house to keep one step ahead of the Israeli military authorities, who have proscribed the PFLP. Kan\u2019an\u2019s family advises him to emerge from underground, so that after serving his time he can eventually lead a normal life, but he has received instructions from the PFLP not to turn himself in and he will not break with party discipline. Kan\u2019an\u2019s uncompromising revolutionary commitments determine the novel\u2019s overall structure. Yet his political principles co-exist with a vast swathe of life, ranging from passionate love to intense pain. Indeed, the title \u2014 a more literal translation from the Arabic Al-Aqanim Al-Thalatha<\/em> would be The Three Hypostases <\/em>\u2014 refers to the three principles which Rafeedie takes to be constitutive of the meaning of everything: life, revolution, love. Kan\u2019an\u2019s task, which he fails to fulfill by the novel\u2019s end, is to unite these three principles into a whole.<\/p>\n

Whereas most prison literature focuses on the experience of incarceration, The Trinity of Fundamentals <\/em>is a novel about life outside prison, written from within a prison cell. The story is narrated in the third person but filtered through the perspective of Kan\u2019an. The story of Kan\u2019an\u2019s underground existence is interspersed with illuminating historical digressions that significantly enrich the narrative and provide insight into the conditions of Palestinian resistance throughout the 1980s. In between explanations of the role of the PFLP in shaping student activism, we read of Kan\u2019an\u2019s love for fellow student Muna and the tensions that his revolutionary commitments bring to their relationship. Muna is looking for happiness, not revolutionary action. She is portrayed in somewhat one-dimensional terms, as a woman for whom \u201cresistance activity only had a superficial influence, like lipstick.\u201d As she fades from his life, Muna becomes a dim memory for Kan\u2019an, and is transformed into the \u201cshrapnel of an image.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other women, such as Hind, his last love before his imprisonment, are even more fleeting. In Kan\u2019an\u2019s memory, Hind becomes a \u201cflash of lightning bestowing you with the memory of a wound.\u201d These two women are compared by the narrator to bookends that mark the beginning and end of Kan\u2019an\u2019s underground existence. When he is captured by the Israelis, Kan\u2019an consolidates \u201chis alliance with his revolutionary self\u201d and prepares \u201cto enter into the new phase of confrontation\u201d with the state of Israel, that of a political prisoner. Through this coming-of-age story of a political prisoner, Rafeedie articulates a core narrative within Palestinian prison literature.<\/p>\n

Like other revolutionary novels, The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em> is imbued with an earnest didacticism. After all, this is not just the story of an individual and his quest for self-fulfillment; it is also the story of the Palestinian people in their resistance to Israeli settler-colonial occupation. With its extended yet instructive historical and political digressions, The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em> has more in common with a novel such as War and Peace<\/em> or What Is to be Done?<\/em> than with the latest Booker or Pulitzer Prize winners. I mean this entirely in the spirit of praise. The novel\u2019s earnestness and didacticism are out of sync with much mainstream contemporary Anglophone fiction, in which the hero\u2019s quest for self-realization transpires in an inward-facing world that takes scant account of global injustices.<\/p>\n

Another quality that distinguishes this book from most English-language novels is its unique blend of fact and fiction. In the introduction, Rafeedie himself describes The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em> as a \u201cfictionalized-narrative-of-life-in-hiding novel.\u201d Indeed, in the middle of the story, we are treated to a history of reading from prison. The narrator tells us how literature \u201cnourished\u201d Kan\u2019an and also \u201cstrengthened his moral fiber, cultivated his taste for art and beauty, fanned the flames of enmity within him towards the tyrants, boosted his opposition to all manifestations of oppression.\u201d Among the novels that prove foundational for Kan\u2019an\u2019s literary education are the aforementioned The Snow Comes through the Window<\/em> (1969), by Hanna Mina, and Nikolai Ostrovsky\u2019s Soviet classic How the Steel Was Tempered<\/em> (1932). Yet the works that inspire Kan\u2019an are not all overtly political; they include works of fiction by the Brazilian writer Jorge Amado and the Saudi Arabian writer Abdelrahman Munif.<\/p>\n

Though well-established in Russian and other revolutionary literary traditions, the genre of fictionalized autobiography has yet to establish a foothold in English, which as a whole prefers its facts tightly siphoned off from its fictions. This bifurcation between the political and the personal is very much to the detriment of English literature, as a comparison with the political commitments that animate Palestinian and other Arabic fiction shows. In Rafeedie\u2019s words, this separation of the political from the personal has led to a society in which the \u201cliberal quest to bury revolutionary concepts and points of departure, and to sow doubts about them has reached unprecedented lengths.\u201d<\/p>\n

The evolution of Kan\u2019an\u2019s revolutionary consciousness during his life underground acquires particular acuity amid the ongoing genocide in Gaza. Rafeedie makes us think seriously about what it means to dedicate yourself to a cause, and to sacrifice everything for collective liberation. As Kan\u2019an advises Muna when she casts doubt on his revolutionary struggle: \u201cArm yourself with determination and that will make the impossible possible.\u201d By arming us with determination, The Trinity of Fundamentals<\/em> becomes a novel not just for our own times but for every future generation. May it help us collectively imagine a future in which the revolution that Kan\u2019an struggles for achieves its goals.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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