{"id":37117,"date":"2025-05-23T09:23:21","date_gmt":"2025-05-23T07:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldmarkaz\/?p=37117"},"modified":"2025-08-19T15:41:45","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:41:45","slug":"the-end-of-civilization-as-we-know-it-a-catastrophology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldmarkaz\/the-end-of-civilization-as-we-know-it-a-catastrophology\/","title":{"rendered":"The End of Civilization as We Know It\u2014a Catastrophology"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5>A review of how some of history\u2019s greatest civilizations&#8217; collapse presents ominous parallels with our present predicament.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Fall of Civilizations: Stories of Greatness and Decline <\/em>by Paul Cooper<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/products\/fall-of-civilizations-paul-cooper?variant=41305529057314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harper Collins<\/a> 2024<br \/>\nISBN 9781335013415<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Iason Athanasiadis<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[Tunis] In the early 2010s, a typical American or European might still sip their morning coffee while scanning headlines reporting multiple conflicts simmering distantly, before hopping into a car and heading to an office job. Despite a previous decade of unintelligible foreign occupations bunched under the rubric of waging war on terror, life in the US remained mostly good and affordable. Citizens were sheltered from instability by over-the-horizon, seldom-analysed dynamics like the exorbitant privilege of the dollar as the global reserve currency. There was little apparent need to look under the hood.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37118\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37118\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/products\/fall-of-civilizations-paul-cooper?variant=41305529057314\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-37118\" src=\"https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldmarkaz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fall-of-Civilizations-Paul-Cooper-cover.jpg\" alt=\"Fall of Civilizations is published by HarperCollins.\" width=\"450\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldmarkaz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fall-of-Civilizations-Paul-Cooper-cover.jpg 500w, https:\/\/themarkaz.org\/oldmarkaz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fall-of-Civilizations-Paul-Cooper-cover-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37118\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Fall of Civilizations<\/em> is published by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/products\/fall-of-civilizations-paul-cooper?variant=41305529057314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HarperCollins<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Today, a spate of new books attempts to explain our suddenly destabilized world. Climate change and new trade tariffs have skyrocketed the price of that morning coffee, while the distant conflicts multiplied, edged closer and, in cases like Syria and Yemen, turned out to be proxy conflicts in a global struggle that, year on year, becomes more blatant. Professionally, the worker has had to adapt, learn new skills, perhaps even become freelance or a digital nomad, while glancing over his shoulder at the arrival of revolutionary, AI-enabled suites of office technologies marketed as complementary, but which are already displacing human labor.<\/p>\n<p>This shift has produced profound anxiety as the great unspoken agreement between citizen and state splits apart. It also generated a new book genre, blending current affairs, history and an analytical catastrophology. Titles like <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Sixth Extinction<\/a><\/em>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/cassandralegacy.blogspot.com\/2018\/01\/the-seneca-effect-book-review-by-jantje.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Seneca Effect<\/a><\/em>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Long_Emergency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Long Emergency<\/a><\/em> and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/703238\/end-times-by-peter-turchin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">End Times<\/a><\/em> purport to answer how we got to what historian Paul Cooper calls the \u201cpenumbral age,\u201d and how to negotiate societal collapse.<\/p>\n<h4><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Empire eats empire<\/h4>\n<p>Led by a fascination with ruins and the effects of time, Cooper\u2019s <em>Fall of Civilizations: Stories of Greatness and Decline<\/em> seeks to divine how our civilization will end through examining the faltering of others.<\/p>\n<p>It is also something of a publishing phenomenon. Cooper, who has authored two novels, managed to hack both academia and publishing by producing a book out of the demand generated by a giant social media audience: a series of viral <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/paulmmcooper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweets<\/a> built up a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YyqS9V7yHQA&amp;list=PLR7yrLMHm11Xv2FOeHtuhern2tYm_Yd0H\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">podcast<\/a> followed by tens of millions. Resisting conventional wisdom that attention spans are short and can only be captured by succinct content, Cooper\u2019s multi-hour podcasts consist of pensively voice-overed, multi-disciplinary narrations, which overlay archival material about the demise of great civilizations. In the book, he sets out to examine the causes behind the moment when \u201cthe future was cancelled.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA ruin is a paradox,\u201d Cooper writes at the start of his resolutely non western-centric narrative, which sweeps from Sumeria and Assyria through Byzantium and Vijayanagara, to conclude with civilizations in India and the Easter Islands. \u201cEach one shows us the fearsome power of time while simultaneously standing in defiance of it.\u201d<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"ose-youtube ose-uid-a3e84798c15293a243e0626355eecd42 ose-embedpress-responsive\" style=\"width:600px; height:550px; max-height:550px; max-width:100%; display:inline-block;\" data-embed-type=\"Youtube\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowFullScreen=\"true\" title=\"17. Carthage - Empire of the Phoenicians\" width=\"600\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2mqX9twdyYo?feature=oembed&color=red&rel=0&controls=1&start=&end=&fs=0&iv_load_policy=0&autoplay=0&mute=0&modestbranding=0&cc_load_policy=1&playsinline=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; encrypted-media;accelerometer;autoplay;clipboard-write;gyroscope;picture-in-picture clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>What it also shows is European colonialism\u2019s ability to demolish indigenous civilizations. Being replaced by western powers was the fate of Carthage, several Chinese dynasties, the African Songhai empire and Arab-African Sufi orders like Sudan\u2019s Mahdists and the Libyan Sanussis. The Ottomans were one of the final non-European empires to hang on till the early decades of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century, perishing in the vortex of a world war, alongside the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Archaeological fl\u00e2neurie<\/h4>\n<p>There is something compellingly seductive about the ruined remnants of a once-mighty but entirely forgotten civilization. When Xenophon\u2019s Greek mercenaries, fleeing a Persian army in 401BC, paused to gape at the ruins of Nimrud, it was already covered in amnesia.<\/p>\n<p>Italian traveller Cyriacus of Ancona established archaeological fl\u00e2neurie as he wandered through the ruined ancient cities of the early 15<sup>th<\/sup> century Levant, documenting the shifts in his internal psychic landscapes. Cooper also relishes his peregrinations amid the rubble of former cities whose societies shape-shifted into something new after their fabric disintegrated and buildings fell into disuse.<\/p>\n<p>Ruins inspire and humble us in equal measures. Austen Layard, a troubled Victorian youth, embarked on a career in Assyriology after visiting Nineveh: \u201cDesolation meets desolation,\u201d he wrote. \u201cA feeling of awe succeeds to wonder. For there is nothing to relieve the mind, to lead to hope, or to tell of what has gone by. These huge mounds of Assyria made a deeper impression upon me, gave rise to more serious thoughts, and more earnest reflexion, than all the temples of Balbec and the theatres of Ionia.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Often, ritualistic destruction was inflicted on emblematic cities for no purpose other than to pulverize them. Elam, Carthage and the Chinese dynastic city of Luoyang were destroyed as a means of laying their myths to rest. Like the Romans did in Carthage, Ashurbanipal scattered salt over Babylon so that nothing could grow again out of the land of his challengers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>A vivid antiquity<\/h4>\n<p>Cooper segments his narrative into three periods: the Ancient World, the Middle Age and what he calls When Worlds Collide. This last section covers the coming of modernity and \u201cthe great mass extinction event of human societies that took place during the colonial period\u2026 the peoples that were ground into dust to make way for modernity.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Cooper skillfully extracts scenes fossilized in history. Phoenician explorers watch erupting volcanoes disgorge rivers of lava into the night\u2019s dark seas off the coast of what is today\u2019s Cameroon. This mystical scene occurred during a likely circumnavigation of Africa a full two millennia before Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias managed it in the 15<sup>th<\/sup> century. Or he evokes the awe and fear experienced by the residents of the Mediterranean at the environmental changes that brought about the collapse of the Bronze Age manifested: \u201cOne year, the sky turns dim. The sun peeks through the grey haze, a pale white. There\u2019s drought too, and the crops won\u2019t grow. Starvation begins to set in on your island and chaos spreads; there are riots for food. Everywhere, people are saying that the gods are angry, that the world is dying.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Entropy and oblivion<\/h4>\n<p>Empires on the brink resort to defences ranging from ostrich-like denial and a turning inward, to erecting walls to keep out increasingly successful incursions by technologically and materially inferior neighbors. The Neo-Sumerians\u2019 \u201cWall Facing the High Lands\u201d was overwhelmed because, despite being formidable, it ultimately lacked the manpower to secure it. Traces of the Roman-era Hadrian\u2019s Wall exist in England today, marking the limits of Roman Britain, as does China\u2019s Great Wall, which pushed out the Han dynasties\u2019 territory into the nomad-dominated Taklamakan desert.<\/p>\n<p>Empires on the brink over-reach, lose credibility, and witness the rise of internal challengers. They are wracked by hedonism and runaway inflation. Once they start paying off their nuisance neighbors instead of crushing them, the end is nigh. Sound familiar?<\/p>\n<p>When entropy sets in, the tipping point can be provoked by a number of factors: from environmental disasters to rivals acquiring superior technologies. Usually, the greater the empire\u2019s complexity, the harder it is for it to bounce back from a grave setback. But there is never one single reason for something as complex as imperial collapse.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>The chaos of transition<\/h4>\n<p>One sign of quite how wrenchingly apocalyptic is our era was a recent weekend\u2019s brief war between two nuclear-armed powers as they struggled to register somewhere amid the daily delirium of news about the Trump administration, the almost forgotten three-year conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the normalized ethnic cleansing unfolding in Gaza, or the fact that rockets regularly flying across the Red Sea have shut down the world\u2019s main trade waterway. Political scientists Michael Hardt and Sandro Mezaddra <a href=\"https:\/\/newleftreview.org\/sidecar\/posts\/a-global-war-regime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">call<\/a> this an \u201cemergent war regime,\u201d while Joshua Craze <a href=\"https:\/\/newleftreview.org\/sidecar\/posts\/sudans-world-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identifies<\/a> \u201cenclave capitalism\u201d as a regime of extraction established in failed states as a result of the collapse of international law.<\/p>\n<p>The US has amassed many of a dying empire\u2019s characteristics: unsustainable debts, a hollowed-out economy, a serially unsuccessful military, and a flaccid population that cannot quite envisage itself making America great again. The one thing America still excels at is imagining its own demise, with Hollywood having delivered a more complete suite of visual aids as to its post-apocalyptic appearance than any other empire in history.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf a time of privation and violence really does lie ahead, everyone must ask themselves: what can we preserve?\u201d Cooper concludes. \u201cBut also, what can we leave behind?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A review of how some of history\u2019s greatest civilizations&#8217; collapse presents ominous parallels with our present 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